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Catalytic dry (CO2) reforming of waste plastics was carried out in a two stage, pyrolysis-catalytic reforming fixed bed reactor to optimise the production of syngas (H2+CO). The effects of changing the process parameters of, catalyst preparation conditions, catalyst temperature, CO2 input rate and catalyst:plastic ratio were investigated. The plastics used was a mixture of plastics simulating that...
Hydrogen production from the thermochemical conversion of biomass was carried out with nano-sized NiZnAlOx catalysts using a two-stage fixed bed reactor system. The gases derived from the pyrolysis of wood sawdust in the first stage were catalytically steam reformed in the second stage. The NiZnAlOx catalysts were synthesized by a co-precipitation method with different Ni molar fractions (5, 10, 15,...
Catalytic steam reforming of phenol over Ni/Al2O3 catalyst with 10wt% of Ni loading was carried out in a fixed bed reactor. The effect of temperature (650–800°C), reaction time (20–80min) and catalyst amount (0–2g corresponding to 0–4.5gcathgphenol−1) on carbon conversion, H2 potential and catalyst deactivation was studied. High efficiency of Ni/Al2O3 catalyst in steam reforming of phenol is observed...
Thermo-chemical processing of biomass is a promising alternative to produce renewable hydrogen as a clean fuel or renewable syngas for a sustainable chemical industry. However, the fast deactivation of catalysts due to coke formation and sintering limits the application of catalytic thermo-chemical processing in the emerging bio-refining industry. In this research, Fe–Zn/Al2O3 nanocatalysts have been...
There is great interest in producing hydrogen from renewable sources such as biomass rather than from fossil fuels. This paper presents new experimental results at different pyrolysis temperature and development of a dynamic model for a biomass pyrolysis/steam reforming process in a two stage fixed bed reactor. The model considers the hydrodynamics of the fixed bed reactor, the interfacial mass and...
Nickel/dolomite catalysts have been prepared and investigated for their suitability for the production of hydrogen from the two-stage pyrolysis–gasification of waste tyres. Experiments were conducted at a pyrolysis temperature of 500°C and gasification temperature was kept constant at 800°C with a catalyst/ waste tyres ratio of 0.5. Fresh and reacted catalysts were characterised using a variety of...
Cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin are the main components of biomass. This work presents research into the pyrolysis/gasification of all three main components of biomass, in order to evaluate and compare their hydrogen production and also understand their gasification processes. A fixed bed, two-stage reaction system has been used employing various nickel-based catalysts. Gas concentration (CO,...
The use of activated carbon derived from cotton stalk as a potential catalytic support material in the application of NO removal from coal combusted flue gas was experimentally investigated utilizing the SCR-deNO x process. Cotton stalk samples infused with phosphoric acid were chemically activated (CACS) and co-activated (CO-ACS) and impregnated with the metal configuration Mn/Ce (1:2M ratio)...
Polypropylene, polystyrene, high density polyethylene and their mixtures and real-world plastic waste were investigated for the production of hydrogen in a two-stage pyrolysis–gasification reactor. The experiments were carried out at gasification temperatures of 800 or 850°C with or without a Ni–Mg–Al catalyst. The influence of plastic type on the product distribution and hydrogen production in relation...
A novel Ni–Mg–Al–CaO catalyst/sorbent has been prepared by integration of the catalytic and CO 2 absorbing properties of the material to maximise the production of hydrogen. The prepared catalyst was tested for hydrogen production from the pyrolysis–gasification of polypropylene by using a two-stage fixed-bed reaction system. X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning...
A viscous waste derived from a bio-diesel production plant, in the form of crude glycerol, was reacted under subcritical and supercritical water conditions and the product composition determined in relation to process conditions. Preliminary analysis of the original sample showed that the main constituent organic compounds were methanol (20.8wt.%), glycerol (42.3wt.%) and fatty acid methyl esters...
Pyrene was used as a typical four-ring polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), to investigate the mechanisms and incineration behaviour of large organic molecules in a batch supercritical water oxidation reactor using hydrogen peroxide as oxidant. The distribution of carbon as gaseous species and organic species in relation to the temperature and pressure, and reaction time was monitored. The results...
A thermoset polyester/styrene copolymer reinforced with glass fibre was pyrolysed in a fixed-bed reactor at 450 o C. The main gases evolved were CO and CO 2 , which accounted for more than 75vol% of the total gas composition. Other gases identified were H 2 , CH 4 and other hydrocarbons from C 2 to C 4 . The properties of the pyrolytic oil, including...
Scrap tyres were pyrolysed in a fixed bed reactor and the evolved pyrolysis gases were passed through a condenser system maintained at separately controlled temperature to determine the yield and composition of the condensed oil. The main objective was to maximise the selective condensation of single ring aromatic compounds which are of known higher commercial value. In addition, the molecular weight...
Two stage pyrolysis-catalysis of used tyres was undertaken to upgrade the derived oil to a highly aromatic oil suitable to be used as a chemical feedstock rather than a liquid fuel. The tyres were pyrolysed in a fixed bed reactor and the evolved pyrolysis gases were passed through a secondary fixed bed reactor containing zeolite catalyst. The pyrolysis reactor was maintained at 500 o C and...
Biomass in the form of waste wood chips was pyrolysed in a fluidized bed reactor at 550°C to maximize the formation of pyrolytic vapours. The pyrolysis vapours were then upgraded by passing them over a fixed bed of ZSM-5 zeolite catalyst. The catalyst bed was diluted with stainless steel ball bearings to increase the residence time of the pyrolysis vapours in the bed and to provide additional hot...
Biomass in the form of mixed wood waste was pyrolysed in a fluidized bed reactor at 400, 450, 500 and 550°C. The char, liquid and gas products were analysed to determine their elemental composition and calorific value. In particular, the liquid products were analysed in detail to determine the concentration of environmentally hazardous polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) and potentially high-value...
The composition of oils derived from the on-line, low pressure zeolite upgrading of biomass pyrolysis oils from a fluidized bed pyrolysis unit have been investigated in relation to the regeneration of the zeolite catalyst. The catalyst used was H-ZSM-5 zeolite. The gases were analysed by packed column gas chromatography. The composition of the oils before catalysis and after catalyst upgrading were...
The composition of oils derived from the on-line, low pressure zeolite upgrading of biomass pyrolysis oils from a fluidized bed pyrolysis unit have been investigated in relation to the regeneration of the zeolite catalyst. The catalyst used was H-ZSM-5 zeolite. The gases were analysed by packed column gas chromatography. The composition of the oils before catalysis and after catalyst upgrading...
Three samples of tyre of known rubber composition were pyrolysed in a thermogravimetric analyser under nitrogen at heating rates from 5 to 80 K min -1 . In addition, the major rubber components of the tyres--styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR), natural rubber (NR) and polybutadiene rubber (BR)--were pyrolysed separately under the same conditions. The kinetic parameters were calculated. ...
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