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This paper reviews the efficacy, safety, and systemic absorption of estradiol with TX-004HR, an investigational, low-dose 17β-estradiol vaginal softgel capsule, designed to treat vulvar and vaginal atrophy (VVA) in postmenopausal women, with an improved user experience. In phase 2 (NCT02449902) and phase 3 REJOICE (NCT02253173) studies, TX-004HR significantly improved the proportions of vaginal superficial...
Isoflavones and lignans are phytoestrogens, and therefore, are able to bind to and activate estrogen receptors. The resultant estrogenic or antiestrogenic effect is dependent on the concentration of these phytoestrogens relative to endogenous estrogens and the site of their action, among others. Thus, isoflavones and lignans act as selective estrogen receptor modulators; having a beneficial effect...
To explore cross-cultural experiences of women taking estrogen plus progestin therapies (EPT) and develop a symptom-based electronic diary and impact questionnaire for EPT-related breast symptoms.(1) Concept elicitation interviews were conducted with women in the US (n=14), Italy (n=15), Mexico (n=15) and China (n=15) to explore breast symptoms associated with EPT. Patients completed the Breast Sensitivity...
To understand the vaginal bleeding/spotting experiences of postmenopausal (PM) women taking estrogen plus progestin therapies (EPT) and develop measures to assess these symptoms and their impact on women's daily lives in four countries.(1) Concept elicitation interviews were conducted with PM women in the US (n=14), Italy (n=15), Mexico (n=15) and China (n=15) to explore vaginal bleeding/spotting...
Nanomedicine is an emerging technology and the first nano-engineered medical products have come to light in the last decade. Transdermal drug delivery has significant advantages compared to other routes of drug administration. Nanoparticles unique physical and chemical properties enable transport of substances directly into the skin. The objective of this paper is to review different aspects of nanoparticle...
The Women's Health Initiative (WHI) study of postmenopausal hormone therapy (HT) found that estrogen plus progestogen therapy (EPT) decreased colorectal cancer risk. Thus, the decline in EPT use from 2002 to 2003 should have precipitated an increase in the incidence of colorectal cancer. We tested this prediction using the SEER 9 epidemiologic database.We analyzed WHI data concerning the effects of...
From 2002 to 2003, the breast cancer incidence in the United States, as reported by the National Cancer Institute's Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER 9) database, appeared to decrease by 6.7%. This phenomenon has been attributed to a reduction in the use of menopausal hormone therapies after the initial publication of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) study results in July of 2002...
At least 16 million women over the age of 50 currently experience low sexual desire, with approximately 4 million women exhibiting hypoactive sexual desire disorder (HSDD). Although early research established that testosterone therapy improves sexual desire in postmenopausal women, safer and more efficacious administration routes were explored. Large randomized, double-blinded placebo-controlled studies...
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