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Marine ferro-manganese (Fe–Mn) crusts and nodules are metal-rich chemical sediments that are archives of paleoceanographic proxies and potential metal resources and targets of deep-sea mining. Traditionally, crusts and nodules are subdivided into hydrogenetic, diagenetic, and hydrothermal types. Because these are characterized by different compositions and hence economic resource potential, a useable...
Depending on the geological setting, the interaction of submarine hydrothermal fluids with the host rock leads to distinct energy and mass transfers between the lithosphere and the hydrosphere. The Nibelungen hydrothermal field is located at 8°18′S, about 9km off-axis of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (MAR). At 3000m water depth, 372°C hot, acidic fluids emanate directly from the bottom, without visible sulfide...
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