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Large strain gradients exist near the tip of a crack due to stress singularity. The strain-gradient effect becomes significant when the size of the fracture process zone around a crack tip is comparable to the intrinsic material length, l, typically on the order of microns. Fleck and Hutchinson's [(1993) A phenomenological theory for strain-gradient effects in plasticity. J. Mech. Phys. Solid 41,...
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