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Interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4) was initially thought to be expressed only in cells of the lymphoid lineage, with IRF4 deficient (IRF4 −/− ) mice having increased numbers of immature T and B cells with impaired functions. More recently IRF4 has also been found to be expressed in myeloid cells. However, its function in macrophage development and regulation is not clear. It has been reported...
Several studies have reported that splenic extramedullary haematopoiesis is important during certain inflammatory conditions. The haematopoietic growth factor, granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF), is known to stimulate the growth of in vitro murine macrophages from bone marrow progenitors. Current literature suggests that GM-CSF and interleukin-3 (IL-3) are implicated in regulating...
The derivation of human macrophages from peripheral blood monocytes remains a convenient method for the study of macrophage biology. However, for macrophage differentiation, a significant proportion of development has occurred prior to the monocyte stage; monocyte subsets also have varying potential for differentiation. Differentiation of macrophages from a less mature precursor, such as CD34 ...
Monocytes and macrophages are often claimed to have limited potential for proliferation in vivo and in vitro although a human monocyte subset with increased potential to proliferate in culture, termed the proliferative monocyte (PM), has previously been identified. The response of the putatively less mature PM to conditions conducive to haematopoietic stem cell culture was determined. Co-culture of...
Independent studies with GM-CSF−/− mice have concluded that GM-CSF is necessary for normal reproductive outcome and for the maintenance of normal weight. In contrast to the literature we report that GM-CSF−/− and wild type (C57Bl/6) mice over a continuous 12month period had similar litter size and neonatal survival. Likewise, unlike a literature observation, for the two mouse strains both male and...
Activation of macrophages by bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) is accompanied by the secretion of type I interferons (IFNs) which can act in an autocrine manner. We examined the role of type I IFNs in macrophage responses to LPS using bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMM) from IFNAR1-/- mice, which lack a component of the type I IFN receptor and do not respond to type I IFNs. We found that, unlike...
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