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Purpose
This study aimed to: (i) present and characterize a phantom setup for validation of four‐dimensional (4D) flow using particle imaging velocimetry (PIV) and planar laser‐induced fluorescence (PLIF); (ii) validate 4D flow velocity measurements using PIV; and (iii) validate 4D flow vortex ring volume (VV) using PLIF.
Methods
A pulsatile pump and a tank with a 25‐mm nozzle were constructed...
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