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Traditionally, electroporation of biological cells is tracked by fluorescence microscopy with chemical dyes that tend to be slow and invasive. This paper reports, for the first time, electroporation tracked by real-time change in the microwave insertion loss, which is correlated with simultaneous change in cell morphology recorded through an optical microscope. The change in insertion loss was found...
Traditionally, electromagnetic detection of biological cells was conducted at either radio or microwave frequencies, which was sensitive to either cellular or subcellular properties, respectively. This paper reports for the first time a single sweep from megahertz to gigahertz frequencies so that cell viability, membrane capacitance, cytoplasm resistance, and cytoplasm capacitance could be determined...
For the first time, broadband (0.5–20 GHz) electrical detection of live bacteria was successfully demonstrated on E. coli, despite their being small and adherent compared to mammalian cells such as Jurkat T-lymphoma human cells that had been detected by using a similar coplanar waveguide in conjunction with a microfluidic channel. Critical to the success was in suppressing the background drift of...
Using a coplanar waveguide with a series gap in conjunction with dielectrophoresis trapping, consecutive S-parameter measurements between 0.5 and 20 GHz were quickly performed with and without a Jurkat cell trapped to compensate for a relatively noisy and drifting background. Based on sixteen measurements repeated on eight live cells and eight dead cells, differences in both return and insertion losses...
Electroporation of Jurkat human lymphoma cells were investigated under 10-MHz continuous waves and benchmarked against that at 100 kHz. Both cell poration and cell death were monitored in real time by fluorescence microscopy and found to occur at approximately three times higher voltages at 10 MHz than that at 100 kHz. This difference in voltage could not be completely accounted for by order-of-magnitude...
Using a coplanar waveguide with a series gap in conjunction with dielectrophoresis trapping, consecutive S-parameter measurements between 0.5 and 20 GHz were quickly performed with and without a Jurkat cell trapped to compensate for a relatively noisy and drifting background. This allowed the small cytoplasm capacitance, on the order of 10 fF, to be reliably extracted. The extracted cytoplasm capacitance...
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