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Melatonin is synthesized in the pineal gland during nighttime in response to nocturnal increase in the activity of the enzyme aralkylamine N‐acetyltransferase (AANAT), the transcription of which is modulated by several homeodomain transcription factors. Recent work suggests that the homeodomain transcription factor ISL LIM homeobox 2 (ISL2) is expressed in the pineal gland, but its role is currently...
Circadian clock gene expression in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) controls 24 h rhythms in body functions, but clock genes are also expressed in extra‐hypothalamic tissues, including the melatonin‐producing pineal gland. The nocturnal increase in pineal melatonin synthesis is a hallmark in circadian biology, but the role of local clock gene oscillations in the mammalian pineal gland is unknown...
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