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Key Points Heart failure is the leading cause of hospitalization in the Medicare age group. The prognosis for established heart failure in persons over age 65 is poor, with 5-year survival rates of less than 50% in both men and women. The pharmacotherapy of systolic heart failure is well established, with angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and beta-blockers having the...
Heart failure (HF) affects approximately 5 million Americans, and more than 550,000 new cases are reported each year (1,2). In addition, despite recent advances in the diagnosis and treatment of HF, as well as reductions in age-adjusted mortality rates from coronary heart disease and hypertensive cardiovascular disease (CVD) (3,4), both the incidence and prevalence of HF are increasing, primarily...
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