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In this paper various controllers such as Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) based on Adaptive Particle Swarm Optimization (APSO), Proportional Integral (PI), Fuzzy PI and Fuzzy PID are analyzed and designed for Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR). The focal motive is to regulate the terminal voltage and reactive power to avoid instability of the generating station in an effective manner. Furthermore,...
In Pakistan, 70% of the population lives in villages, where the source of income depends upon agriculture, livestock, and poultry sheds. In order to produce maximum meat, milk and other products one should have to focus on the growth of the animals. There are some crucial factors like the temperature, humidity level and suitable air flow in the shed to remove waste gasses. These factors are monitored...
Wireless Body Area Networks (WBANs) is a new technology for remote monitoring of patients. Sensor nodes are placed on different parts of the body such as implants and on body to collect data and transfer to the Sink node. Change in body posture, placement of sensors, priority of sensor data and energy consumption makes routing very difficult. Therefore, a Priority based Energy Aware (PEA) routing...
Industrial processes are commonly nonlinear in nature and include time varying parameters and uncertainties. The basic approach for modeling the system is to use first principle methods e.g. differential equations. One of the major hurdles in developing differential equation model is the complete understanding of the dynamics of the process. The first principle models cannot replicate the true behavior...
An abnormal behavior detection algorithm for surveillance is required to correctly identify the targets as being in a normal or chaotic movement. A model is developed here for this purpose. The uniqueness of this algorithm is the use of foreground detection with Gaussian mixture (FGMM) model before passing the video frames to optical flow model using Lucas-Kanade approach. Information of horizontal...
Femtocells have come up as a promising solution for indoor coverage and Quality of Service, QoS of the users. One of the major challenges in the wide deployment of the femtocells is the cross-tier interference among the users at the cell edges. A typical high interference case is the uplink interference caused by the non subscribed cell edge users at the closed mode femtocells. In dense urban scenarios...
This paper proposes a three layered model for audio steganography based on least significant bit replacement. The secret message to be transmitted is passed through two layers before it is embedded within the cover message in the third layer. The stego message is retrieved from the network by the receiver and the secret message is recovered by performing reverse operations in reverse order. The main...
Increased use of electronic communication has given birth to new ways of transmitting information securely. Audio steganography is the science of hiding some secret text or audio information in a host message. The host message before steganography and stego message after steganography have the same characteristics. Least Significant Bit (LSB) modification technique is the most simple and efficient...
The main purpose of this paper is to design a 1-arm square spiral antenna with Q factor as low as possible to achieve higher bandwidths. The spiral made from material of 2.8 × 107 Siemens/meter conductivity is printed over a dielectric material Rogers RT Duroid 5870 with permittivity 2.33, size 125 × 115 mm and thickness 0.5 mm. The operating center frequency of antenna is set to 2.45 GHz. HFSS (High...
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