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Monophyly of the cardueline finches (Aves: Fringillidae, Carduelinae), an assemblage of 119 species of seed-eating songbirds, has not yet been rigorously tested. To test the hypothesis of cardueline monophyly I examined 37 taxa, among them 1 or 2 representatives from 16 of the 19 cardueline-finch genera as well as 4 Hawaiian honeycreepers. Each taxon was scored for 225 morphological characters, 148...
Gulls (Aves: Larinae) are among the best-studied of birds, yet prior attempts to reconstruct gull relationships have met with little success. In the present study I use 117 characters from the skeleton and 64 from the integument to test gull monophyly and estimate gull phylogeny. One shortest tree, requiring 9747 unweighted changes and having a CI of 0.267, wasLarusis polyphyletic. Although the tree...
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