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Experiments have shown that various structures (e.g., the streamer, cluster, void and bubble) can be clearly observed in gas–solid fluidized beds. These structures affect the overall behavior of flow, mass/heat transfer and reactions significantly and should be accounted for in simulations of gas–solid flow. For the purpose of riser flow simulation, the structure-based drag model has already been...
An EMMS/bubbling model for gas–solid bubbling fluidized bed was proposed based on the energy-minimization multi-scale (EMMS) method (Li and Kwauk, 1994). In this new model, the meso-scale structure was characterized with bubbles in place of clusters of the original EMMS method. Accordingly, the bubbling fluidized bed was resolved into the suspending and the energy-dissipation sub-systems over three...
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