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In Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs), there are two major factors which minimize the performance of the network. The one is the void hole which occurs in a particular region due to unavailability of forwarder nodes. The other one is the presence of energy hole near the sink due to death of the nodes. An optimum transmission strategy is the need in this case in order to maximize the network lifetime...
In wireless sensor networks (WSNs) energy balancing and energy efficiency are the key requirements to prolong the network lifetime. In this paper, we investigate the problem of energy hole, where sensor nodes located near the sink or in some other parts of the network die very early due to unbalanced load distribution. Moreover, there is a dire need to utilize the energy resource efficiently. For...
In this paper, a routing protocol, Maximum Coverage in Square field region (MCS) for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) is introduced. The overall area of the network is divided into ten sub regions and two mobile sinks (MSs) are deployed. The data is transmitted to the MS directly and mobility pattern of MS is adjusted in such a way that it covers the whole area of the network. When MS and...
For the design of a network layer routing scheme for Underwater Wireless Sensor Network (UWSN), physical layer cooperation is used in this paper which ensures energy efficiency. For achieving major goal of efficient data routing, a key factor is reliability for application-oriented UWSNs. All the nodes of network fortified by a unidirectional antenna cooperatively perform their propagation of data...
Increase in traffic over internet by large number of mobile devices results into high energy consumption on network devices. In this paper, we address the necessity to reduce the energy consumption in a campus network that includes both wired and wireless network devices. Specifically, we propose dynamic link rate adaptation mechanism on Software Defined Network (SDN) switches and control power consumption...
In this work, we propose a novel quality link metric; Bandwidth adjusted Inverse ETX (BIETX) for Static Wireless Multi-hop Networks (SWMhNs). The proposed metric considers two path selection parameters into account i.e., packet delivery ratio and link capacity. For computing packet delivery ratios in BIETX, the mechanism of Expected Transmission Count (ETX) is adopted. On the other hand, we take two...
In this paper, we propose an optimization scheme for avoiding void zone and minimization of uncertainty in glider's position estimation. Gliders stay at sojourn positions for predefined time. At these stops, self-confidence (s-confidence) and neighbor-confidence (n-confidence) regions are estimated. On the basis of present state of glider, it estimates s-confidence region and share control information...
In this paper, we propose a reliable and interference-aware routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs). Proposed protocol follows end-to-end path from source node to sink and selects next forwarder node of a data packet on the basis, having already established a path to sink. In this way, the problem of encounters void hole in depth based routing protocol is eliminated. Furthermore,...
The acoustic environment suffers from a number of impairments which effect transmitted data reliability and integrity leads toward low-quality routing. Integral part of cooperative routing is reliable data delivery with trade-off energy consumption is high, because of multiple transmissions. In order to overcome this problem and getting advantage of cooperation routing, we proposed a scheme Sink Mobility...
In this paper, we overcome the problem of energy holes in UWSNs while considering the unique characteristics of underwater communication. In proposed scheme we consider UWSNs where nodes are manually deployed according to the defined deployment pattern to satisfy our application requirements in terms of energy saving. We used mixed routing technique i.e. direct transmission and hop-by-hop transmission...
In Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs), reliability is one of the major concerns for large number of applications. The underwater environment is very harsh and noisy. Fading is common and unavoidable, therefore achieving reliable data transfer requires innovative routing solutions. This paper presents a energy efficient cooperative routing with varying Depth threshold (Dth) called Depth and...
Large propagation delay, high error rate, low band-width and limited energy in Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSNs) attract the attention of most researchers. In UWSNs, efficient utilization of energy is one of the major issue, as the replacement of energy sources in such environment is very expensive. In this paper, we have proposed a Cluster Depth Based Routing (cDBR) that is based on existing Depth...
Many routing protocols are proposed regarding energy efficiency in underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs). We propose sparsity-aware energy efficient clustering (SEEC) protocol for UWSNs. SEEC specially search sparse regions of the network. We divide the network region into subregions of equal size and search sparse and dense regions of the network field with the help of sparsity search algorithm...
Application-oriented underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) are planned to design in such a way that they can monitor and transfer information efficiently. Therefore, quality data routing schemes are required to achieve certain goals. Many routing protocols are designed for application oriented networks. These types of networks require deployment strategies with quality data routing. Application...
Cooperation among nodes is mandatory for smooth operation of Mobile Ad Hoc Networks (MANETs) in terms of data routing. A participating node may refuse to deplete its resources for the benefit of others because of not getting any direct advantage for its service. Nodes showing such behavior are called selfish or non-cooperative nodes. Non-cooperative nodes can severely affect the performance of MANETs...
In Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) nodes are equipped with limited battery power and battery replacement is expensive due to underwater harsh environment. Therefore, we propose EBECRP an energy Efficient and Balanced Energy consumption Cluster based Routing Protocol for UWSNs. In depth base routing protocols nodes near the sink (low depth nodes) die in no time because of high load. We...
Under water sensor networks(UWSNs) have attracted significantly to explore natural and undersea resources and gathering scientific data in aqueous conditions. The adverse characteristics in UWSNs communication and high cost limit the sensor nodes to spare deployment, causing delay, low propagation, power efficiency and floating node mobility. This proposed protocol is developed to handle these problems...
Underwater acoustic communications are a hastily growing field of research and engineering, which once were exclusively for military applications are now extending into commercial fields. Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) appeal the research community, facing challenges as sensor nodes have energy constraint and radio signals are not suitable for underwater wireless communication. This paper...
We propose a new routing protocol MobiSink (mobile sink) for underwater sensor networks (UWSNs). We deploy the sink mobility in four horizontal regions of the network. The mobile sink moves in its own region to collect data from the transmission range sensor nodes. The transmission range of a node is calculated after fixed interval of time for mobile sink. In MobiSink nodes also take help of transmission...
Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks are considered to provide efficient monitoring tasks in aquatic environment but due to limited battery resource of sensor nodes, network lifetime collapses. Energy balancing is the major issue in low network lifetime. High energy consumption creates energy holes and ultimately leads to shorter network lifetime. Therefore, energy consumption must be balanced to increase...
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