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Design of energy efficient underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) routing protocol to prolong network lifetime is a challenging task because of limited battery life of sensor nodes. In this paper, we propose mobile energy efficient square routing protocol (MEES) to balance energy consumption of nodes in the network. Two mobile sinks are deployed at the farthest distance from each other. In order...
In this paper, a routing protocol, Maximum Coverage in Square field region (MCS) for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) is introduced. The overall area of the network is divided into ten sub regions and two mobile sinks (MSs) are deployed. The data is transmitted to the MS directly and mobility pattern of MS is adjusted in such a way that it covers the whole area of the network. When MS and...
For energy-efficient resource management, void node avoidance is one of the key objectives in the energy constrained underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs). In this paper, we propose two new routing protocols for the UWSN which is one of the end parts of a cloud. The first protocol is avoiding void node with adaptive hop-by-hop vector based forwarding (AVN-AHH-VBF), and the second is cooperation-based...
Applications of Internet of Things underwater wireless sensor networks, such as imaging underwater life, environmental monitoring, and supervising geological processes on the ocean floor, demand a prolonged network lifetime. However, these networks face many challenges, such as high path loss, limited available bandwidth, limited battery power, and high attenuation. For a longer network lifetime,...
Design of underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs) is difficult because of limited battery energy of sensor nodes. Low bandwidth and energy consumption are major problems that we face in UWSNs, due to dynamic behavior of water in underwater environment. In our scheme, circular field is divided into ten sub-regions and each region is divided into eight sectors. Two mobile sinks move to cover the...
In this work, we propose a novel quality link metric; Bandwidth adjusted Inverse ETX (BIETX) for Static Wireless Multi-hop Networks (SWMhNs). The proposed metric considers two path selection parameters into account i.e., packet delivery ratio and link capacity. For computing packet delivery ratios in BIETX, the mechanism of Expected Transmission Count (ETX) is adopted. On the other hand, we take two...
Energy is one of the most precious resource in Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) which is mainly consumed in communication, sensing and processing. Performance evaluation of WSN routing protocols primarily rely on simulation-based studies. Most of these studies only assume oversimplified First Order Radio Model (FORM) and ignore node's energy consumed in sensing and processing. This paper presents an...
In this paper, we propose an optimization scheme for avoiding void zone and minimization of uncertainty in glider's position estimation. Gliders stay at sojourn positions for predefined time. At these stops, self-confidence (s-confidence) and neighbor-confidence (n-confidence) regions are estimated. On the basis of present state of glider, it estimates s-confidence region and share control information...
Due to unique characteristics of underwater environment, it is difficult to achieve energy efficiency, high throughput and low bit error rate. Radio signals do not propagate well in underwater environment so acoustic signals are used for communication. Acoustic signals offer low bandwidth, high bit error rate, low throughput and high end-to-end delay. Data packets often loose their path which effect...
In this paper, we propose a reliable and interference-aware routing protocol for underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs). Proposed protocol follows end-to-end path from source node to sink and selects next forwarder node of a data packet on the basis, having already established a path to sink. In this way, the problem of encounters void hole in depth based routing protocol is eliminated. Furthermore,...
The acoustic environment suffers from a number of impairments which effect transmitted data reliability and integrity leads toward low-quality routing. Integral part of cooperative routing is reliable data delivery with trade-off energy consumption is high, because of multiple transmissions. In order to overcome this problem and getting advantage of cooperation routing, we proposed a scheme Sink Mobility...
In this paper, we overcome the problem of energy holes in UWSNs while considering the unique characteristics of underwater communication. In proposed scheme we consider UWSNs where nodes are manually deployed according to the defined deployment pattern to satisfy our application requirements in terms of energy saving. We used mixed routing technique i.e. direct transmission and hop-by-hop transmission...
In this paper, an energy efficient, interference and route aware (EEIRA) protocol is proposed for underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs). The protocol combines the direct and relay forwarding mechanisms in transmitting the packets from source to destination. The relaying process involves selection of the best relay from a set of relay nodes. A relay node having the least distance from source...
In Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs), reliability is one of the major concerns for large number of applications. The underwater environment is very harsh and noisy. Fading is common and unavoidable, therefore achieving reliable data transfer requires innovative routing solutions. This paper presents a energy efficient cooperative routing with varying Depth threshold (Dth) called Depth and...
Large propagation delay, high error rate, low band-width and limited energy in Underwater Sensor Networks (UWSNs) attract the attention of most researchers. In UWSNs, efficient utilization of energy is one of the major issue, as the replacement of energy sources in such environment is very expensive. In this paper, we have proposed a Cluster Depth Based Routing (cDBR) that is based on existing Depth...
This paper presents cooperative routing scheme to improve data reliability. The proposed protocol achieves its objectives, however, at the cost of surplus energy consumption. Thus sink mobility is introduced to minimize the energy consumption cost of nodes as it directly collects data from the network nodes at minimized communication distance.
Many routing protocols are proposed regarding energy efficiency in underwater wireless sensor networks (UWSNs). We propose sparsity-aware energy efficient clustering (SEEC) protocol for UWSNs. SEEC specially search sparse regions of the network. We divide the network region into subregions of equal size and search sparse and dense regions of the network field with the help of sparsity search algorithm...
In Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) nodes are equipped with limited battery power and battery replacement is expensive due to underwater harsh environment. Therefore, we propose EBECRP an energy Efficient and Balanced Energy consumption Cluster based Routing Protocol for UWSNs. In depth base routing protocols nodes near the sink (low depth nodes) die in no time because of high load. We...
Underwater acoustic communications are a hastily growing field of research and engineering, which once were exclusively for military applications are now extending into commercial fields. Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks (UWSNs) appeal the research community, facing challenges as sensor nodes have energy constraint and radio signals are not suitable for underwater wireless communication. This paper...
We propose a new routing protocol MobiSink (mobile sink) for underwater sensor networks (UWSNs). We deploy the sink mobility in four horizontal regions of the network. The mobile sink moves in its own region to collect data from the transmission range sensor nodes. The transmission range of a node is calculated after fixed interval of time for mobile sink. In MobiSink nodes also take help of transmission...
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