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Using site-directed mutagenesis and multiple regression analysis, we have studied the molecular genetics and evolution of short wavelength-sensitive (SWS2) pigments in vertebrates. These analyses suggest that the SWS2 pigment in the vertebrate ancestor had the wavelength of maximum absorption (λ max ) of ~440 nm and that various λ max 's of the contemporary SWS2...
Visual systems of vertebrates exhibit a striking level of diversity, reflecting their adaptive responses to various color environments. The photosensitive molecules, visual pigments, can be synthesized in vitro and their absorption spectra can be determined. Comparing the amino acid sequences and absorption spectra of various visual pigments, we can identify amino acid changes that have modified the...
We have isolated a full-length cDNA encoding a putative ultraviolet (UV)-sensitive visual pigment of the Tokay gecko (Gekko gekko). This clone has 57 and 59% sequence similarities to the gecko RH2 and MWS pigment genes, respectively, but it shows 87% similarity to the UV pigment gene of the American chameleon (Anolis carolinensis). The evolutionary rates of amino acid replacement are significantly...
We have PCR amplified and sequenced the rhodopsin (RH1) and evolutionarily closely related RH2 genes of the Indonesian coelacanth, now referred to as Latimeria menadoensis. When the RH1 and RH2 coding sequences are constructed, expressed in cultured cells, and reconstituted with 11-cis-retinal, the resulting visual pigments have wavelengths of maximal absorption (λmax) of 485 and 479 nm, respectively...
We have isolated and sequenced the RH1 Tg , RH2 Tg , SWS2 Tg , and LWS Tg opsin cDNAs from zebra finch retinas. Upon binding to 11-cis-retinal, these opsins regenerate the corresponding photosensitive molecules, visual pigments. The absorption spectra of visual pigments have a broad bell shape, with the peak being called λ max ...
Using only 11-cis 3, 4-dehydroretinal as a chromophore in the pure-cone retina, American chameleon (Anolis carolinensis) detects a wide range of color from ultraviolet (UV) to infrared. We previously characterized its visual opsin genes sws1 Ac , sws2 Ac , rh2 Ac , and lws Ac that encode SWS1 Ac , SWS2 Ac , RH1 A ...
We have cloned and sequenced the red opsin gene, r Ch , of goat (Capra hircus). When r Ch is expressed in cultured cells and reconstituted with 11-cis retinal, the resulting visual pigment has a wavelength of maximal absorption (λmax) of 553nm. This result and the deduced aa sequence of the goat red opsin suggest that the λmax values of the red pigments of goat and human...
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