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In a cognitive radio network (CRN), when the secondary users (SUs) are battery-powered devices, the concept of energy-efficient design is very important. In this paper, we propose an energy utility function by formulating the achievable data rate of a cooperative CRN in terms of the energy consumption by the CRN. The maximization of the energy utility function is obtained by jointly designing the...
In this paper, we consider a joint optimization of sensing parameter and power allocation for an energy-efficient cognitive radio network (CRN) in which the primary user (PU) is protected. The optimization problem to maximize the energy efficiency of CRN is formulated as a function of two variables, which are sensing time and transmit power, subject to the average interference power to the PU and...
A coating granulation technology comprising the spraying of a Fe–Al–Ce nano-adsorbent suspension onto glass beads in a fluidized bed was developed. An acrylic-styrene copolymer latex was used as a binder. The granulated adsorbent was used in a packed bed for fluoride removal from drinking water. The effects of coating temperature, latex/Fe–Al–Ce ratio, and coating amount on granule compressive strength...
A variety of processes are utilized for gas transmission. It is important to optimize the operation conditions of these processes to promote efficiency. The operation efficiency of pipeline systems is combined with the purchase and sale prices of gas, the quantity bought and sold of gas and the management costs. Aimed at the maximum operation efficiency, an operation optimization model of gas pipelines...
Adaptive focusing particle swarm optimization (AFPSO) based on the balance characteristic between global search and local search of particle swarm optimization was an adaptive swarm intelligence optimization algorithm with preferable ability of global search and search rate. AFPSO was proposed to optimize the reactive power optimization. Based on optimal control principle, AFPSO applied for optimal...
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