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Intelligent geographical information systems (GISs) have been paid much attention in recent years, and the ultimate goal is to realize the natural language interaction between users and GISs. However, there is still a significant challenge for bridging the semantic gap between structured geospatial data in GISs and un-analytical spatial information in natural language. The representation and analysis...
Natural language spatial relations have drawn much attention in recent years for bridging the gap between natural language and geographical information systems. Annotating spatial relations in corpora is the precondition for resolution of geographical information in text. This paper proposes an annotation scheme for marking expressions of spatial relations in natural language. This scheme is based...
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