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Complete vertebrate genome sequencing has revealed a remarkable stability and uniformity in the protein-coding gene set, which at first glance might suggest that gene duplication events are relatively rare. This may be a red herring, or at least a red cichlid, as the Lake Malawi cichlid fishes show rapid and extensive duplication and diversification of their retinal cone photoreceptor opsin genes.
Activation of various immune cell types can be prevented by negative signaling receptors. Natural killer (NK) cells, which can lyse tumor or virus-infected cells, express inhibitory receptors that recognise distinct ‘self’ class I molecules of the major histocompatibility complex [1]. Recognition of self class I molecules results in a negative signal to prevent NK-mediated killing of healthy cells...
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