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The 3DXRD setup sketched in Fig. 3.1 is very similar to the setup typically used for absorption contrast x-ray tomography at synchrotrons. Furthermore it appears that the specifications of the two methods in terms of space and time resolution are not very different (see Table 6.1). Hence, combined studies can be envisioned. With suitable detector combinations, one might even probe the same...
Hard polycrystalline materials such as metals, alloys and ceramics form the basis of much of modern industry. The physical, chemical and mechanical properties of these materials are to a large extent governed by their structure. Hence, a comprehensive description of structural evolution during processing is at the heart of materials science. ...
The aim of 3DXRD is to characterize the crystallographic lattice as function of position within the bulk of a specimen. Locally, the lattice is uniquely determined by its six lattice parameters (a, b, c, α, β, γ) and its orientation in space. In most of this book it will be assumed that the structural phase is known, but that the lattice can be subject to stress. The associated elastic strain causes...
So far, the 3DXRD microscope has mainly been applied to fundamental studies in metallurgy. As demonstrated in Chap. 9, the method is sufficiently mature to answer a range of basic questions which cannot be addressed directly in any other way. The ultimate aim for this type of research is a complete in situ characterization of the microstructural dynamics for a given specimen during a series...
The 3DXRD microscope at ESRF is installed in a separate laboratory, the second experimental hutch at beamline ID11 [1,2]. The beamline is an insertion device beamline equipped with an in-vacuum undulator with a minimum gap of 5 mm. The beam enters the experimental hutch through a pinhole with fixed dimensions of 1 × 1 mm2. The photon flux at the point of entry is shown as a function of x-ray energy...
Hard polycrystalline materials such as metals, alloys and ceramics form the basis of much of modern industry. The physical, chemical and mechanical properties of these materials are to a large extent governed by their structure. Hence, a comprehensive description of structural evolution during processing is at the heart of materials science. ...
The 3DXRD setup sketched in Fig. 3.1 is very similar to the setup typically used for absorption contrast x-ray tomography at synchrotrons. Furthermore it appears that the specifications of the two methods in terms of space and time resolution are not very different (see Table 6.1). Hence, combined studies can be envisioned. With suitable detector combinations, one might even probe the same...
In this chapter the focus is on one particular but very important case, where complete structural characterization is obtainable from 3DXRD data. This is the case where the specimen is composed of a set of individual structural elements and these elements produce distinct (nonoverlapping) diffraction spots. A large number of problems in polycrystal and powder research can be tailored so that...
Traditionally, x-ray crystallography is based on either powder diffraction data or single-crystal studies. Both methods have their distinct advantages. Single-crystal data are indispensable for structural refinement of large molecules, in particular proteins, and for high-accuracy work such as the generation of charge density maps. Powder diffraction, on the other hand, is required for in...
The methodology presented in Chap. 4 is associated with two limitations. Firstly, GRAINDEX cannot handle spot overlap. Secondly, grain maps – that is maps of the grain boundary topology – can be deduced only for the case of undeformed grains illuminated by a line beam. In this chapter, a formalism is sought that overcomes both these limitations. The only restriction is that the lattice strain is...
The 3DXRD microscope at ESRF is installed in a separate laboratory, the second experimental hutch at beamline ID11 [1,2]. The beamline is an insertion device beamline equipped with an in-vacuum undulator with a minimum gap of 5 mm. The beam enters the experimental hutch through a pinhole with fixed dimensions of 1 × 1 mm2. The photon flux at the point of entry is shown as a function of x-ray...
The aim of 3DXRD is to characterize the crystallographic lattice as function of position within the bulk of a specimen. Locally, the lattice is uniquely determined by its six lattice parameters (a, b, c, α, β, γ) and its orientation in space. In most of this book it will be assumed that the structural phase is known, but that the lattice can be subject to stress. The associated elastic strain...
Independently of the work described in this book, other x-ray-diffraction-based approaches to three-dimensionally-resolved (or at least depth-resolved) studies have been developed. In this chapter, such work is summarized, with the focus on methods that either have been used or have the potential to be used on the grain or subgrain scale. ...
An understanding of polycrystalline deformation is essential for science and industry, in order to predict the development of texture and flow stress development in metals and alloys [1,2]. In geoscience, models are used in the reverse direction to determine what geological processes gave rise to the observed textures in minerals and rocks. ...
As a motivation for introducing the 3DXRD method, this chapter contains a survey of the experimental methods conventionally used for structural characterization. The options for and limitations of studies on the mesoscale are discussed. The list of methods is not complete, but is intended to reflect the methods commonly used in materials science. ...
So far, the 3DXRD microscope has mainly been applied to fundamental studies in metallurgy. As demonstrated in Chap. 9, the method is sufficiently mature to answer a range of basic questions which cannot be addressed directly in any other way. The ultimate aim for this type of research is a complete in situ characterization of the microstructural dynamics for a given specimen during a series of deformation...
Traditionally, x-ray crystallography is based on either powder diffraction data or single-crystal studies. Both methods have their distinct advantages. Single-crystal data are indispensable for structural refinement of large molecules, in particular proteins, and for high-accuracy work such as the generation of charge density maps. Powder diffraction, on the other hand, is required for in situ dynamic...
As a motivation for introducing the 3DXRD method, this chapter contains a survey of the experimental methods conventionally used for structural characterization. The options for and limitations of studies on the mesoscale are discussed. The list of methods is not complete, but is intended to reflect the methods commonly used in materials science. ...
In this chapter the focus is on one particular but very important case, where complete structural characterization is obtainable from 3DXRD data. This is the case where the specimen is composed of a set of individual structural elements and these elements produce distinct (nonoverlapping) diffraction spots. A large number of problems in polycrystal and powder research can be tailored so that this...
The methodology presented in Chap. 4 is associated with two limitations. Firstly, GRAINDEX cannot handle spot overlap. Secondly, grain maps – that is maps of the grain boundary topology – can be deduced only for the case of undeformed grains illuminated by a line beam. In this chapter, a formalism is sought that overcomes both these limitations. The only restriction is that the lattice strain...
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