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The use of hydrogen gas as a fuel to be burned or to be spent in a hydrogen fuel cell vehicle is increasing. While hydrogen is a renewable and clean energy career, the safety aspects associated with it is still a key issue. Hydrogen has a wide flammability range and needs less energy to be ignited, compared to other common fuels. Experiments on hydrogen safety are not an economic and safe approach;...
The main objective of this study is to determine the effect of thermal cracking on asphaltene molecular structure. Hence, n-heptane insoluble fractions were precipitated and collected from three different vacuum residues and their thermally decomposed products. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis provided an understanding of the macro-structure of the asphaltene molecule and revealed the impact of...
Poisson’s ratio (ν) of Asphalt Concrete (AC) is a fundamental input parameter to any numerical analysis based on elastic and viscoelastic constitutive properties. To this date, temperature- and time-dependent ν-value has been determined by either a static or a relaxation test at a single temperature in diametrical mode. This study, for the first time, performs relaxation tests at different temperatures...
This study attempts to understand how asphaltene molecules change under thermal stress. Asphaltene samples were precipitated from three crude oils and their atmospheric residues, vacuum residues, and pitch, using n-heptane. The pitch samples were obtained from the thermal cracking of vacuum residues at three operating temperatures (400, 415, and 430°C) and three reaction times (30, 50, and 60min)...
Three vacuum residues (VR) obtained from Ratawi Burgan (RB), Lower Fars (LF) and Eocene (EOC) crude oils were thermally cracked at three different temperatures (T: 400°C, 415°C, 430°C) and reaction times (t: 30, 50, 60min). The chemical compositions of the non-gaseous products (i.e. cracked oil and pitch) were investigated in terms of changes in operating conditions and nature of feedstock. The findings...
Vacuum residues derived from three Kuwaiti crude oils, both conventional and heavy, were thermally cracked in a pilot-scale semi-batch reactor that simulates the cracking operation performance in the Eureka process. The thermal cracking of the vacuum residues resulted in three products: cracked oil, off-gas, and pitch. The effect of operating conditions (i.e. reaction temperature and residence time)...
The mixtures of palm shell and polystyrene waste were pyrolyzed to obtain a high-grade of pyrolytic liquid that potentially could be used as a fuel. Three effective parameters were chosen: temperature, feed ratio, and reaction time. The first phase of the study was a screening test to select the range point of each parameter that resulted in high production of liquid. The selected points were then...
This work presents the development of a kinetic model for the thermal cracking of vacuum residues in a pilot-scale semi-batch reactor, which simulates the cracking operation performed in the Eureka process. The vacuum residues were derived from three Kuwaiti crude oils, both conventional and heavy. Experimental data was obtained at three cracking temperatures (400, 415, and 430°C) and three reaction...
Comparative study of the artificial neural network and mechanistic model was carried out for NO removal in a bubbling fluidized bed reactor. The effects of temperature, superficial gas velocity and ammonia/nitric oxide ratio on the NO removal efficiency were determined and their optimum conditions were estimated by the experimental study, the artificial neural network and mechanistic models as well...
The precise determination of the heat of combustion is of great importance for trading automotive diesel. The net heat of combustion (NHC) of fuel is related to the hydrogen elemental composition of fuel as obtained by elemental analysis. Heat of combustion expressed as gross heat of combustion (GHC) and net heat of combustion (NHC) have been predicted from data obtained by proximate analysis (density,...
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