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Three new biosolids treatment processes are introduced: vertical shaft digestion (VSD), vertical shaft floatation (VSF) thickening, and gas-phase biofiltration. The combination of these three major processes, and a few supplemental units (such as grit removal, dewatering and drying) provide complete biosolids treatment. The topics covered in this chapter include: biosolids treatment objectives, vertical...
One of the simplest forms of biological treatment processes is the stabilization pond or stabilization lagoon. It is also the most common industrial wastewater treatment facility. This versatile installation serves many basic purposes, including: (a) storage or impoundment of wastewater; (b) settling and removal of suspended solids; (c) storage or impoundment of settled solids; (d) equalization; (e)...
An oxidation ditch is a modified activated sludge biological treatment process that uses long solids retention times (SRTs) to remove biodegradable organics. The typical oxidation ditch is equipped with aeration rotors or brushes that provide aeration and circulation. The wastewater moves through the ditch at 1 to 2ft/s. The ditch may be designed for continuous or intermittent operation. Because of...
The fact that dissolved air flotation (DAF) (with 3–5 min of detention time) can replace sedimentation (with 2–3 h of detention time) for clarification has been overlooked by environmental engineers for many decades. Modern high-rate DAF clarifiers have advanced to such an extent that they could overshadow the conventional settling clarifiers in wastewater treatment. DAF hydraulic loadings increased...
Oxyozosynthesis is a pressurized ozone–oxygen oxidation flotation process, which involves the use of ozone and oxygen as the oxidation agents for stabilization of wastes in a pressurized reactor to expedite the oxidation process. The wastes can be either a wastewater stream or a sludge stream (biosolids stream). Since the oxidation reactions occur under high pressure, the ozone and oxygen gases are...
The main focus of this chapter is the scientific analysis of flotation for wastewater treatment. The analysis includes a brief description of where and why flotation is used and with what intent. The physical and chemical theories of flotation as they pertain to wastewater flotation, such as characteristic bubble size and its modification, specific contact angles and their control, reactor flow-through...
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