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Super-capacitor with the features of high power density and long life is used as a new kind of energy storage methods for electric bus. State of charge (SOC) indicates the remaining power, which is very important for super-capacitor bus. In this paper, a SOC estimate method based on sliding mode observer is studied. The design of sliding mode observer is based on the “two-branch” equivalent circuit...
Modular multilevel converters (MMC) are intensively researched and developed in high power, high/medium voltage applications. However, the interaction between switching action and fundamental-frequency pulsation in capacitor voltage of submodules will induce 2nd-order and other even-harmonic harmonics in circulating current. These harmonic currents will introduce extra power loss, increase current...
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