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The geomagnetic superstorm of 20 November 2003 with Dst=−422 nT, one of the most intense in history, is not well understood. The superstorm was caused by a moderate solar eruptive event on 18 November, comprehensively studied in our preceding Papers I – III. The analysis has shown a number of unusual and extremely complex features, which presumably led to the formation of an isolated right-handed...
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