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Despite advances in preventive health care, medical management, interventional cardiology, and cardiovascular surgery, atherosclerotic disease remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the Western Hemisphere. Cardiovascular disease accounted for 38.5% of all deaths or 1 of every 2.6 deaths in the United States in 2001. Cardiovascular disease mortality was about 60% of “total mortality,”...
Coronary heart disease remains the single largest killer of American men and women. The American Heart Association statistics show that approx 1.1 million Americans suffer a myocardial infarction (MI) annually. Of those who survive, 22% of men and 46% of women are disabled with heart failure (1). Although cardiomyocytes of infarcted or failing human hearts have been shown to undergo mitoses (2,3),...
Resistance circulation of the heart is important in regulating the delivery of blood and nutrients to the myocardium. There has been a longstanding interest in studying its properties; however, prior to the mid-1980s, technical limitations made it difficult to directly study coronary microvessels either in situ or in vitro. Traditionally, studies of the coronary microcirculation had been limited to...
Despite the rapid progress in surgical and catheter-based revascularization, an alternative treatment strategy is needed for the ever-increasing number of patients who are either not candidates for these therapies or remain symptomatic after revascularization and maximal ongoing medical treatment. In Angiogenesis and Direct Myocardial Revascularization, an interdisciplinary panel of pioneers and opinion...
More than 2 million percutaneous cardiac interventional procedures are performed annually worldwide to treat coronary artery disease. Many of these patients have reduced ejection fraction and/or heart failure symptoms. This chapter provides a technical and clinical perspective on balloon angioplasty and stenting with bare-metal and drug-eluting stents. Techniques for managing complex patients, including...
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