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The ability of mankind to produce and process materials has been an important aspect of human development. This is reflected in the names of certain historical periods, which mirror the ability of mankind at that time to manufacture or work different materials (e.g. the Bronze Age and Iron Age). From these examples, it is clear that for a long time the mechanical properties of matter were of key interest...
Phase change materials are commercially used in rewritable optical storage and investigated as non-volatile electronic storage. A short laser or current pulse of high intensity melts a sub-micron sized spot of crystalline material before quenching it to the amorphous state. A second pulse of lower intensity but longer duration may recrystallise and erase that bit. Since reflectivity and conductivity...
Driven by the requirement to tailor film properties for many technological applications, our understanding of the atomic processes involved in thin-film growth and the principles governing those processes has progressed tremendously in the last century. Growth of thin films has changed from an art to a science. For ultrathin metal films, the growth conditions are found to have important and sometimes...
The ability of mankind to produce and process materials has been an important aspect of human development. This is reflected in the names of certain historical periods, which mirror the ability of mankind at that time to manufacture or work different materials (e.g. the Bronze Age and Iron Age). From these examples, it is clear that for a long time the mechanical properties of matter were of key interest...
It has been the aim of this book to illustrate the potential of epitaxially grown ultrathin films. In particular, metal-on-metal heteroepitaxy has been investigated. After a summary of the growth, structure and magnetism of 3d ultrathin films on various metallic substrates, considerable space has been devoted to a few prototype systems, i.e., Fe films on Cu(100) and Mn films on Cu(100) and Ni(100),...
Ultrathin films can be grown pseudomorphically on suitable substrates under certain growth conditions, even when the structure grown differs from the equilibrium structure of the bulk material. This provides a new method to stabilize nonequilibrium structures at room temperature and ambient pressure. The stabilized nonequilibrium structure can be a metastable structure if the substrate lattice matches...
Ultrathin films can be grown pseudomorphically on suitable substrates under certain growth conditions, even when the structure grown differs from the equilibrium structure of the bulk material. This provides a new method to stabilize nonequilibrium structures at room temperature and ambient pressure. The stabilized nonequilibrium structure can be a metastable structure if the substrate lattice matches...
In this chapter, various aspects of the actual film structure will be explored. These topics include the different possible structures of heteroepitaxial films and the precise determination of atomic positions. Furthermore, the characterization of film morphology will be treated. This subject has already been covered to some extent in the last chapter. In Sect. 3.2, it will be demonstrated that a...
The last two chapters have described the growth and structure of epitaxial films. Here, the basic aspects of ultrathin-film magnetism and their relationship to structure and growth will be the focus. First, theoretical models to describe the ferromagnetism and antiferromagnetism of 3d metals are introduced in Sect. 4.1. In addition, the relationship between structure and magnetism for bulk phases...
In this chapter, various aspects of the actual film structure will be explored. These topics include the different possible structures of heteroepitaxial films and the precise determination of atomic positions. Furthermore, the characterization of film morphology will be treated. This subject has already been covered to some extent in the last chapter. In Sect. 3.2, it will be demonstrated that a...
To obtain a comprehensive understanding of the correlation between the magnetism and structure of materials has been a research goal of scientists for a long time. Early in the 1930s, Bethe and Slater found a phenomenological relationship between the direct exchange interaction and the atomic separation [1, 2] (Fig. 6.1). This is the well known Bethe-Slater curve. Recently, the correlation between...
In the previous chapter, a correlation between the structure, growth and magnetism was established for the workhorse of thin-film magnetism, Fe/Cu(100). In this chapter, our attention is turned to a less studied, but potentially equally rewarding system: Mn on Cu(100). To facilitate the discovery of systematic trends, Mn/Ni(100) has been studied for comparison. Bulk manganese has one of the richest...
The last two chapters have described the growth and structure of epitaxial films. Here, the basic aspects of ultrathin-film magnetism and their relationship to structure and growth will be the focus. First, theoretical models to describe the ferromagnetism and antiferromagnetism of 3d metals are introduced in Sect. 4.1. In addition, the relationship between structure and magnetism for bulk phases...
It has been the aim of this book to illustrate the potential of epitaxially grown ultrathin films. In particular, metal-on-metal heteroepitaxy has been investigated. After a summary of the growth, structure and magnetism of 3d ultrathin films on various metallic substrates, considerable space has been devoted to a few prototype systems, i.e., Fe films on Cu(100) and Mn films on Cu(100) and Ni(100),...
In the previous chapter, a correlation between the structure, growth and magnetism was established for the workhorse of thin-film magnetism, Fe/Cu(100). In this chapter, our attention is turned to a less studied, but potentially equally rewarding system: Mn on Cu(100). To facilitate the discovery of systematic trends, Mn/Ni(100) has been studied for comparison. Bulk manganese has one of the richest...
Driven by the requirement to tailor film properties for many technological applications, our understanding of the atomic processes involved in thin-film growth and the principles governing those processes has progressed tremendously in the last century. Growth of thin films has changed from an art to a science. For ultrathin metal films, the growth conditions are found to have important and sometimes...
To obtain a comprehensive understanding of the correlation between the magnetism and structure of materials has been a research goal of scientists for a long time. Early in the 1930s, Bethe and Slater found a phenomenological relationship between the direct exchange interaction and the atomic separation [1, 2] (Fig. 6.1). This is the well known Bethe-Slater curve. Recently, the correlation between...
Ultrathin metal films have great potential for applications in areas such as magnetic sensors, recording materials, and novel devices such as spin filters or transistors. This research monograph discusses the close correlation between the magnetic and structural properties of thin films in the context of numerous examples of epitaxial metal films, while emphasis is laid on the stabilization of novel...
Ultrathin metal films have great potential for applications in areas such as magnetic sensors, recording materials, and novel devices such as spin filters or transistors. This research monograph discusses the close correlation between the magnetic and structural properties of thin films in the context of numerous examples of epitaxial metal films, while emphasis is laid on the stabilization of novel...
Phase Change Materials: Science and Applications provides a comprehensive overview of the properties that characterize phase change materials from theoretical and experimental perspectives, with a focus on emerging technological applications. An informative introductory chapter provides the history of phase change memories, including the discovery, early systems and advances over time. Density...
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