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In the context of missing data, the identifiability or “recoverability” of the average causal effect (ACE) depends not only on the usual causal assumptions but also on missingness assumptions that can be depicted by adding variable‐specific missingness indicators to causal diagrams, creating missingness directed acyclic graphs (m‐DAGs). Previous research described canonical m‐DAGs, representing typical...
As no study about the combined effect of low levels of Cd2+ with procymidone (PCM) on organs and organisms, we investigated their actions on mouse‐ovary in vivo and in vitro. Four‐week mice were treated with corn oil for the control group, corn oil + 0.0045 mg/L Cd2+ (CdCl2 was dissolved in ultrapure water and freely consumed by mice) for Cd2+ group, 50 mg/kg/d PCM (suspended in corn oil and administered...