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In our present work, seven conotoxins and conopeptides were cloned from four cone snail species based on the M-superfamily signal peptides. Among them, two conopeptides, Vt3.1 and Vt3.2, showed unusual sequence characteristics. Both of them contained two cysteines that are separated by just one non-cysteine residue. In vitro, the chemically synthesized Vt3.1 formed dimers with different intermolecular...
We purified two novel conotoxins, designated as ca11a and ca11b, from the venom of Conus caracteristicus. Based on the amino acid sequence of mature ca11a, we cloned its full-length cDNA. Based on the signal peptide of ca11a, several ca11a-like conotoxins were cloned from C. caracteristicus and C. pulicarius. These novel conotoxins have an I-superfamily cysteine pattern but with a novel signal peptide...
A new conotoxin, ca16a, containing 8 cysteine residues was purified, sequenced, and cloned from a worm-hunting snail, Conus caracteristicus. This conotoxin is an extremely hydrophilic peptide comprising 34 residues, with 4 acidic and 4 basic residues. It is rich in polar Gly, Ser, and Thr residues and includes a hydroxylated Pro residue. The cysteine arrangement pattern of ca16a (-C-C-CC-C-CC-C-,...
The neuropeptide nociceptin/orphanin FQ (N/OFQ), the endogenous agonist of the N/OFQ peptide receptor (NOP receptor), has been demonstrated to be involved in many physiological and pathological functions including pain modulation. It was reported that electroacupuncture (EA) had a potent analgesic effect on inflammatory pain by activating various endogenous transmitters such as the opioid peptides...
Cone snails are tropical marine mollusks that envenomate prey with a complex mixture of neuropharmacologically active compounds for the purpose of feeding and defence, each evolved to act in a highly specific manner on different parts of the nervous system. Here, we report the peptide purification, molecular cloning, chemical synthesis, and functional characterization of a structurally unique toxin...
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