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Power balance is one of the key requirements for reliable power system operation. However, factors, such as net load variability and forecast errors, impose practical limitations on matching the scheduled generation and the real-time demand. Normally, potential power imbalances are mitigated by scheduling additional generation capacity called operating reserves. However, reserves are a costly commodity...
Traditionally, power system balancing operations consist of three consecutive control techniques, namely security-constrained unit commitment (SCUC), security-constrained economic dispatch (SCED), and automatic generation control (AGC). Each of these have their corresponding type of operating reserves. Similarly, energy storage resources (ESRs) may be integrated as energy, load following, or regulation...
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