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It is well known that the addition of alkali elements such as Na and K during and after growth of Cu(In, Ga)Se2 (CIGS) has beneficial effects on the electronic properties of bulk material, improving device performance significantly. While the device level effects have been measured and reported, a direct observations of the localization of Na including its chemical nature are missing, and the impact...
In-situ investigations of Cu(In, Ga)(S, Se)2 (CIGS) absorber layers during growth have the potential to provide insight into the origin behind elemental segregation and defect formation at grain boundaries and in grain cores. Our study focuses on CIGS films grown by an industrially relevant precursor reaction process. An in-situ stage developed for these synchrotron studies is used to image the growth...
Unveiling the correlation between elemental composition, fermi-level splitting, and charge collection in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) exposed to different environments is crucial to understanding the origin of defects. This will enable defect engineering to achieve high performing and long lasting perovskite solar cells. In this contribution we measured for the first time the spatial distribution...
Solar panel's reliability studies focus mainly on the properties of the encapsulating such as gel content and transmittance, while ignoring the impact of encapsulation process on the solar cells themselves. The harsh lamination conditions apply high temperature and pressure on the wafers, which can induce increased stress, deformation and defects. The investigation of solar cells sealed inside modules...
We present the latest developments in the characterization of thin-film solar cells based on the combination of elemental mapping from fluorescence measurements using synchrotron x-rays, with beam induced current from electron and x-ray beams. This is a powerful method to directly correlate compositional variations with charge collection efficiency. We compare different approaches for mapping solar...
Understanding the spatial composition inhomogeneity in CIGS solar cells can provide insight into a potentially large cause of decreased cell efficiency. We used synchrotron based nano x-ray fluorescence and nano x-ray beam induduced current to investigate the correlation between grain-to-grain compositional variations in Cu(In,Ga)Se2 absorber layers and variations in carrier collection efficiency...
Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) solar cells were characterized in cross section using electron beam induced current (EBIC) and synchrotron based x-ray fluorescence (XRF) measurements. Samples with varying gallium ratios and growth methods were compared. A correlation was observed between the compositional gallium grading profile from XRF and carrier activity seen in EBIC through the thickness of the CIGS layer...
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