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The purpose of this note is to derive alternative formulae for parameter estimation in partial errors-in-variables models to those given in Xu et al. (J Geod 86:661–675, 2012). We show that these new formulae are more compact and more straightforward to interpret the corrections of the random elements of the design matrix. Nevertheless, each formula has its own computational advantage, depending on...
Adjustment has been based on the assumption that random errors of measurements are added to functional models. In geodetic practice, we know that accuracy formulae of modern geodetic measurements often consist of two parts: one proportional to the measured quantity and the other constant. From the statistical point of view, such measurements are of mixed multiplicative and additive random errors....
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