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Background: The standard open technique for exposure of the upper thoracic spine, T1–T4, usually requires a difficult thoracotomy. From November 1, 1995 to June 30, 1997, eight patients underwent video-assisted thoracoscopic spinal surgery in our institute to treat their upper thoracic spinal lesions endoscopically. Methods: A new approach, the so-called ``extended manipulating channel method,''...
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