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This paper discusses the maximum fault resistance, which can be tolerated by a communication aided distance relay with Quadrilateral characteristic in the case of inter phase, phase to phase and three phase, faults. This is defined as the boundary fault resistance, which is the maximum fault resistance that the relay can discriminate between in-zone and out-of-zone faults correctly. The robustness...
Distance protection is not utilized in distribution networks, unlike the transmission systems, due to the inherent characteristic of the distribution networks and the additional required facilities of distance protection, compared with over-current protection, which is in use in the distribution systems. This paper discusses the measured impedance by six elements of distance relay first zone applied...
This paper discusses the distance relay ideal tripping characteristic in the presence of unified power flow controller (UPFC), one of flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices on the next line and pays especial attention to the distance relay over-reaching problem. This is done by presenting the measured impedance at the relaying point in the presence of UPFC at the near end...
Running rails are used as return path for DCelectrifiedrailtransitsystems. The resultant rail voltage causes stray current returning to the source via other paths such as metallic infrastructures. Stray current is the main reason of corrosion in the metallic parts which are located in the proximity of the railway. Many efforts have been made for controlling and reducing stray current. This paper...
This paper discusses distance relay maloperation in the presence of unified power flow controller (UPFC) on the second circuit of a double circuit transmission line. This is done by presenting the measured impedance at the relaying point in the case of UPFC presence at the near end of the second circuit. The measured impedance at the relaying point is greatly influenced in the presence of UPFC on...
Fault resistance is a source of error for distance relays by the means of deviating the measured impedance from its actual value. The presence of the fault resistance not only leads to measured resistance deviation, but also the measured reactance deviates from its actual value. This would lead to both under-reaching and over-reaching. This paper investigates the over-reaching aspect by defining an...
This paper presents the measured impedance at the relaying point in the presence of a shunt flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) device, i.e. static var compensator (SVC). The presence of SVC on a transmission line has a great influence on the tripping characteristic of distance relays. Distance relay tripping characteristic itself depends on the power system structural conditions,...
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