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Distance relays are one of the mostly used protective devices in transmission systems. These relays are used as main, first zone and a part of second zone, and backup, the rest of second zone and third zone, protective devices. Fault resistance is a source of error for distance relays in the form of the measured impedance deviation from its actual value. This paper investigates the measured impedance...
Distance relays are widely used as main and back-up protection for transmission lines. Their operation is based on impedance measurement at the relaying point, which can be affected by several factors, including pre-fault line loading and short circuit levels at the line ends. Continues demand for electricity energy leads to increase in short circuit levels along the power systems, which itself causes...
This paper presents the effects of Static Synchronous Series Compensator (SSSC), one of the series connected Flexible Alternating Current Transmission System (FACTS) devices, on the measured impedance at the relaying point in the case of inter phase, phase to phase and three phase, faults. The measured impedance at the relaying point is affected by several factors, including the line pre-fault loading,...
This paper presents the measured impedance at the relaying point in the presence of a shunt flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) device, i.e. static var compensator (SVC). The presence of SVC on a transmission line has a great influence on the tripping characteristic of distance relays. Distance relay tripping characteristic itself depends on the power system structural conditions,...
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