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Fault resistance is a source of error for distance relays leading to deviation of the measured impedance from its actual value. The presence of the fault resistance not only leads to measured resistance deviation, but also affects the measured reactance. This would lead to either under-reaching or over-reaching. This paper investigates the over-reaching aspect by defining over-reaching factor for...
Distance relays are one of the mostly used protective devices in transmission systems. These relays are used as main, first zone and a part of second zone, and backup, the rest of second zone and third zone, protective devices. Fault resistance is a source of error for distance relays in the form of the measured impedance deviation from its actual value. This paper investigates the measured impedance...
This paper discusses the maximum ground fault resistance, which can be tolerated by a distance relay with Mho characteristic applied at the source node of a distribution feeder. This resistance is defined as the boundary fault resistance which is the boundary of the distance relay correct discrimination between in-zone and out-of-zone faults. The robustness criterion is defined based on the boundary...
This paper discusses the maximum ground fault resistance, which can be tolerated by a distance relay with Quadrilateral characteristic applied at the source node of a distribution feeder. This resistance is defined as the boundary fault resistance which is the boundary of the distance relay correct discrimination between in-zone and out-of-zone faults. The robustness criterion is defined based on...
This paper presents the measured impedance at the relaying point in the presence of a flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) device, i.e. unified power flow controller (UPFC). The presence of UPFC on a transmission line has a great influence on the tripping characteristic of distance relays. Distance relay tripping characteristic itself depends on the power system structural conditions...
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