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After many experiments in developing fluxless Ag-In joints, we realize that the success of producing a joint relates to microstructure of the Ag layer. Ag with small grains results in rapid growth of solid Ag2In intermetallic compounds through grain boundary diffusion. Thus, a joint is not obtained because of lack of molten phase, (L). To coarsen Ag grains, an annealing step is added to the Ag-plated...
CIGS is the leading thin film PV material in terms of it capability to yield high efficiency solar cells. Co-evaporation method already yielded solar cells with close to 20% efficiency. Despite this success, however, commercialization of CIGS has not been aggressive. One reason for this is the fact that CIGS is a complex material. The other reason is the difficulty of scaling up this technology while...
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