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Comparisons of measurement characteristics were made for three types of electronic pain scales: (a) visual analogue scale (VAS), (b) VAS combined with an electronic number box (VAS-N; 0–100), and (c) electronic number box scale (NUM). The three scales were capable of discriminating pain sensations from very small (0.5°C) temperature steps in 13 healthy males, 26 healthy females, and 16 female fibromyalgia...
Previous research has consistently shown moderate to large differences between pain reports of men and women undergoing experimental pain testing. These differences have been shown for a variety of types of stimulation. However, only recently have sex differences been demonstrated for temporal summation of second pain. This study examined sex differences in response to temporal summation of second...
The literature demonstrating sex differences in pain is sizable. Most explanations for these differences have focused on biologic mechanisms, and only a few studies have examined social learning. The purpose of this study was to examine the contribution of gender-role stereotypes to sex differences in pain. This study used experimental manipulation of gender-role expectations for men and women. One...
The primary purpose of this study was to investigate the influence of an individual's Gender Role Expectations of Pain (GREP) on experimental pain report. One hundred and forty-eight subjects (87 females and 61 males) subjects underwent thermal testing and were asked to report pain threshold, pain tolerance, VAS ratings of pain intensity and unpleasantness, and a computerized visual analogue scales...
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