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By pre-treating reverse osmosis (RO) feed water for process water production with cationic ion-exchange (IEX), scaling on the membrane can be avoided and the water recovery can be increased. Furthermore, by recycling the RO brine for the regeneration of the IEX, the addition of chemicals is avoided. A pilot-scale study of the hybrid IEX-RO system was performed. This study indicates that an RO recovery...
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