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The squid beak is a hard structure that displays high variability in both shape and coloring and can contain valuable ecological information. The beak pigmentation process reflects changes in growth and diet. In this study, we proposed species–specific beak pigmentation stages (PS) to supplement a previous classification scheme, which quantifies beak growth based on pigmentation variability. We analyzed...
Cephalopod beaks maintain a stable morphology, implying that they can be used to explore ecological influences on squid life history. Understanding the beak growth pattern can help us to improve knowledge of the trophic characteristics of squids and to estimate squid biomass. Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis is widely distributed in eastern tropical Pacific equatorial waters and has been caught commercially...
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