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On 5–7 May 2014, the World Health Organization (WHO) convened the second integrated meeting on “influenza vaccines that induce broadly protective and long-lasting immune responses”. Around 100 invited experts from academia, the vaccine industry, research and development funders, and regulatory and public health agencies attended the meeting. Areas covered included mechanisms of protection in natural...
Despite long-recognized challenges and constraints associated with their updating and manufacture, influenza vaccines remain at the heart of public health preparedness and response efforts against both seasonal and potentially pandemic influenza viruses.Globally coordinated virological and epidemiological surveillance is the foundation of the influenza vaccine virus selection and development process...
In February the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommends influenza viruses to be included in influenza vaccines for the forthcoming winter in the Northern Hemisphere. These recommendations are based on data collected by National Influenza Centres (NICs) through the WHO Global Influenza Surveillance and Response System (GISRS) and a more detailed analysis of representative and potential antigenically...
Wild type human influenza viruses do not usually grow well in embryonated hens’ eggs, the substrate of choice for the production of inactivated influenza vaccine, and vaccine viruses need to be developed specifically for this purpose. In the event of a pandemic of influenza, vaccine viruses need to be created with utmost speed. At the onset of the current A(H1N1) pandemic in April 2009, a network...
Annual influenza epidemics in humans affect 5–15% of the population, causing an estimated half million deaths worldwide per year [Stohr K. Influenza—WHO cares. Lancet Infectious Diseases 2002;2(9):517]. The virus can infect this proportion of people year after year because the virus has an extensive capacity to evolve and thus evade the immune response. For example, since the influenza A(H3N2) subtype...
Influenza vaccination is the primary method for preventing influenza and its severe complications. Licensed inactivated vaccines for seasonal or pandemic influenza are formulated to contain a preset amount of hemagglutinin (HA), the critical antigen to elicit protection. Current methods to establish the HA concentration of vaccines rely on indirect measurements that are subject to considerable experimental...
Because of the time required to identify and produce an antigenically well-matched pandemic vaccine, vaccines that offer broader cross-reactive immunity and protection are desirable. We have compared a live attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) and inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV) based on a related H5 hemagglutinin (HA) from a nonpathogenic avian influenza virus, A/Duck/Pottsdam/1042-6/86 (H5N2),...
Periodically, novel influenza viruses emerge and spread rapidly through susceptible populations, resulting in worldwide epidemics or pandemics. Three pandemics occurred in the 20th century. The first and most devastating of these, the ''Spanish Flu'' (A/H1N1) pandemic of 1918-1919, is estimated to have resulted in 20-50 million or more deaths worldwide, with unusually high mortality among young adults...
The immunogenicity and efficacy of Russian live attenuated and US inactivated trivalent influenza vaccines administered alone or in three different combinations were evaluated in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded study of 614 elderly or chronically ill nursing home residents in St. Petersburg, Russia during the 1996–97 influenza season. Postvaccination serum antibody responses were...
We have investigated the potential of the conserved transmembrane M2 protein of influenza A/Ann Arbor/6/60 virus, expressed by a baculovirus recombinant, to induce protective immunity in BALB/c mice. Vaccination of mice with M2 shortened the duration of virus shedding and protected mice from a lethal infection with A/Ann Arbor/6/60 virus but not B/Ann Arbor/1/55 virus, suggesting that the protection...
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