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The Erbium-doped Fiber Amplifier (EDFA) is a key technical feature in nearly every optical undersea transmission system. This paper reviews simple performance enhancing Raman and ROPA assisted amplifier architectures.
We successfully transmitted 8x40 Gb/s RZ-DQPSK channels over a 401 km unrepeatered link with 68 dB loss. This was enabled by low loss fiber, high power booster amplifier, and ROPA technology. All channels had >13.5 dB Q-factor after transmission.
40Gb/s RZ-DPSK signals were successfully transmitted over 4450km with 150km repeater spacing (33dB span loss) using Raman assisted EDFAs. The performance was compared with EDFA only amplification and 110km repeater spacing. Long-term Q-factor fluctuations were also quantified for Raman-assisted amplification.
Impact of reflections on SNR in single-stage EDFA based long-haul communication systems is investigated numerically and experimentally. Necessity of EDFA's input isolator and return losses of passive elements are discussed.
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