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The morphology and nanostructure of soot particles in laminar diffusion flame has been investigated in this work. The fuels considered were diesel surrogate fuels, including n-heptane, n-butanol and the volumetric mixture 50% n-heptane/50% n-butanol (H50B50). Thermophoretic sampling and TEM (transmission electron microscopy) analysis were utilized to study the morphology and nanostructure of soot...
Inorganic matter and some ash-forming elements of biomass may cause numerous technological and environmental problems during biomass processing. Therefore, an extended overview of the ash contents and ash-forming elements of biomass and their significance for solid biofuel combustion was conducted based on reference peer-reviewed data plus own investigations. Initially, some general considerations...
HulunBuir lignite pyrolysis at low temperatures with different coal particle sizes, and different heating modes were studied on a fixed-bed reactor in order to investigate the oxygen evolution characteristics. The results show that pyrolysis temperature heavily influences the oxygen evolution. Almost 70.69wt% of oxygen in lignite transferred into volatile products at 700°C. With an increase of temperature,...
To study the transformation of organic structure and mineral matter in coal-biomass mixtures during co-gasification, the anthracite and rice straw addition with different ratios were isothermally gasified at 1100°C under CO2 atmosphere in a fixed bed reactor. The phase-mineral composition, morphology and organic structure of solid residues produced at different gasification time were analyzed by X-ray...
Compared with individual pyrolysis of Shendong coal or the direct coal liquefaction residue, co-pyrolysis has an improved tar yield. However, the synergistic mechanism in the integrated process is still controversial. In order to explore the interactive effect in co-pyrolysis of coal and the direct coal liquefaction residue, elemental analysis, gas chromatography, Fourier – transform infrared spectrometer,...
In the description of multiphase flow in porous media, dynamic capillarity is typically ignored. While some studies suggest that dynamic capillarity can be ignored in high permeability rock, it cannot be overlooked in low permeability rock. In this work, dynamic capillarity, in various permeability formations, was investigated through specially designed experiments and the impact on field production...
Ultimate analysis is an important property for fuel utilization. The experimental determination of ultimate analysis is sophisticated, long time consumed, and expensive, on the contrary, the proximate analysis can be run rapidly and easily. A variety of correlations to predict the ultimate analysis of biomass using the proximate analysis have been appeared, while there exists a few number of correlations...
Nitrogen oxide generated by coal oxidation accentuates the greenhouse effect and makes the environment uninhabitable. In this work, two models of lignite were built in order to study the pyrolysis and oxidation processes and the influence of O2 on its nitrogen-transfer mechanism at high temperatures. The structural units of the two models are taken from the lignite model provided by Wolfrum. Reactive...
Char is used directly as a catalyst for the catalytic reforming of tar during gasification. Experiments have been carried out to examine the effects of inorganics in char as a catalyst for the catalytic reforming of tar during the gasification of mallee wood, corn stalk and wheat straw in a pilot plant. The char catalyst was prepared from the pyrolysis of mallee wood at a fast heating rate. The catalytic...
). The sulfur atoms in these intermediates transform into small sulfur-containing gas molecules. Thus, sulfur atoms in lignite are finally removed by O2 molecules during the oxidation process.
Polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers (PODE) is an emerging biofuel with properties of high cetane number (CN), high oxygen content and no C–C bond, which shows a significant potential to achieve high efficient and clean combustion and to be one of the competitive alternative fuels for diesel engine. In the current study, the effects of diesel/PODE blends on the combustion and emission characteristics...
Two structural models for pyrolysis and hydrothermal treatment of lignite were constructed to investigate the impact of water at high temperature on the structure and reaction processes of lignite. The chemical model proposed by Wolfrum was used as the structural unit of the two models. Reactive force field molecular dynamics was employed to simulate the reaction process of the two models at 1000–3000K...
Hg 0 oxidation by chlorine over CeO 2 –TiO 2 (CeTi) catalysts with different CeO 2 /TiO 2 ratios was investigated both in the absence and the presence of SO 2 . Experimental data were analyzed using a kinetic model incorporating mass transfer, adsorption equilibrium and mass balance with key variables of interest being residence time, catalyst type and...
Polygeneration system for chemical and power has been regarded as one of promising technologies to use fossil fuel more efficiently and cleanly. A new optimization method for polygeneration system integration has been proposed in this paper. Element utilization and energy utilization were presented as objective functions simultaneously, parameter variations and technology conditions were performed...
The sawdust tar was generated from air–steam gasification in the fluidized bed reactor at atmospheric pressure. The gasification temperature and mass ratio of steam to sawdust were used as adjustable variables with which the amount of sawdust tar formation and the corresponding tar properties. Gel permeation chromatography (GPC) coupled with diode array detector (DAD) was employed to analyze the tar...
Two fractions, representing organic-rich particles and organic particles with included minerals, were separated from each of four Chinese coals of different rank. They were then devolatilized at 900°C in a drop tube furnace (DTF) and a muffle furnace, respectively. The chars were subjected to thermogravimetric analysis, SEM observation and a nitrogen adsorption study. It was found that when three...
Vitrinite- and inertinite-rich samples separated from Shenfu-Dongsheng (SD) and Pingshuo (PS) coals were extracted with CS 2 and the extraction solutions were analyzed with GC/MS. The results show that extract yields of the two maceral-rich samples (MRSs) from PS coal are much higher than those from SD coal; for MRSs from the same coal, the yield of vitrinite-rich sample is larger than that...
US EPA's studies have determined that mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants pose significant hazards to public health and must be reduced. Coal-fired power plants represent a significant fraction of the anthropogenic emissions of mercury into the atmosphere. Mercury emissions are impacted by factors such as coal type, boiler operation, fly ash characteristics and type of environmental control...
Three coal macerals with high purities were separated from Pingshuo gas coal. The formation rules of HCN and NH 3 during macerals pyrolysis and gasification were investigated. Experiments were carried out in a tubular quartz reactor at atmospheric pressure. The reactor allowed coal particles to be heated up rapidly and held for a prespecified period of time at a peak temperature. The amount...
A case study was carried out to investigate the bed agglomeration observed in a fluidized bed incinerator when burning blends of three wastes (carbon soot, biosludge and fuel oil). Several instrumental approaches were employed (i.e. XRF, SEM, XRD, and ICP-AES) to identify the bed materials (fresh sand and degrader sand) and clinkers formed in the full-scale incinerator tests. Several elements (V,...
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