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To investigate the solvent/solute interactions that take place during the dissolution of cellulose, cellobiose was employed as a model of the longer-chain cellulose molecule in a dissolution study of the cellobiose/LiCl/N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (NMP) system, conducted using attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), 13C, 35Cl, and 7Li NMR spectroscopy, and conductivity...
Hierarchical porous structures in cellulose materials are important for the dissolution, properties and applications of cellulose materials. Methods for characterizing the hierarchical porous structures in cellulose materials without changing its original state are still limited. In this work, we introduced nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry for characterizing the hierarchical porous structures...
The effects of chloride salts on the dissolution of cellobiose in aqueous solution were investigated using calorimetry and 1H NMR. The dissolution of cellobiose in salt solutions is a typical entropy-driven process. The activity of ZnCl2 and LiCl hydrated ions is enhanced as the hydration number decreases with increasing temperature. Zn2+ and Li+ hydrates can interact with the oxygen atoms at the...
Polar aprotic solvents are considered to act as cosolvents with ionic liquids (ILs) for cellulose, strengthening the solvating ability of ILs by improving their cellulose solvating kinetics without influencing the solubility of cellulose in ILs. In this work, it was found that dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) at low concentration improves the cellulose solvating ability of [AMIM][Cl], but weakens it at high...
The extensional flow behaviors of cellulose/NaOH/urea/H2O solution were investigated by using capillary breakup extensional rheometry (CaBER). The effects of temperature, storage time and cellulose concentrations on both the storage modulus G′ and the loss modulus G″ were also analyzed. For 2 wt% cellulose solution, the G′, G″ and filament lifetime remained unchanged after long storage time. While,...
Nickel multiply-twinned particles (Ni MTPs) imbedded onto ZSM-5 were prepared, and their formation and chemical and electronic properties were characterized by HRTEM, XPS, CO-FTIR, and H2-TPD. HRTEM showed the formation of Ni MTPs with triangular, square, hexagonal, and spherical shapes. The multiply-twinned particles were composed of f.c.c. nanocrystals dominated by (111) crystal face. Ni MTPs indicate...
Rheological properties of cellulose solutions in 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride/dimethyl sulfoxide ([Emim]Cl/DMSO, 7/3, w/w) in a wide range of concentration and temperature were investigated. The viscosity of cellulose/[Emim]Cl/DMSO solution agrees well with the complex viscosity suggesting Cox–Merz law is valid for the solution. The viscosity contributed by cellulose (η0–ηs) and cellulose...
Cellobiose was used as a model compound for cellulose to study dissolution in aqueous systems with additives. The dissolution of cellobiose in alkali solutions is a typical exothermic enthalpy-driven process, confirming that lower temperature is beneficial for dissolution of cellulose in NaOH aqueous systems. OH− plays an important role in cellobiose dissolution by forming cellobiose–OH− hydrogen-bonded...
A novel Schiff base containing huge azo conjugated system and reactive groups, 3,5-bis{2-hydroxyphenyl-5-[(2-sulfate-4-sulfatoethylsulfonyl-azobenzol)methylene amino]}benzoic acid (BHSABA) was applied to modify cellulose. Exhaustion and grafting reactive rate, and grafting quantity of BHSABA on cellulose were calculated. The chemical structure of the modified cellulose was characterized and thermal...
A chlorozincate ionic liquid-functionalized biochar sulfonic acid (BC-SO3H-IL-Zn) was designed and conveniently prepared via multistep processes, involving the syntheses of biochar sulfonic acid (BC-SO3H) and 1-trimethoxysilylpropyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (IL)-ZnCl2 (IL-Zn), followed by grafting the IL-Zn onto BC-SO3H. The proposed catalyst was found to show a much higher turnover number (TON,...
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