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Aims
To measure the effects of nicotine on lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), bladder blood flow, and the urothelial markers hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α (HIF1α), uroplakin III (UPIII), and aquaporin 3 (AQP3).
Methods
Ten‐week‐old female Sprague Dawley rats were subcutaneously injected with 2 mg/kg nicotine (n = 17) or vehicle (control, n = 18) twice daily for 13 days. Some nicotine‐treated rats...
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