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Nanoparticulate titanium dioxide (nano–TiO2) has been widely used in industry, medicine and daily life. However, assessment of nano–TiO2 toxicity on health is an important occupational safety issue. Numerous studies have demonstrated that nano‐TiO2 can induced sustained pulmonary inflammation, but whether chronic exposure to nano–TiO2 results in pulmonary fibrosis is unclear. In this study, therefore,...