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Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been applied to measure inter- or intra-molecular forces acting to hold biological molecules and structures. For these measurements, it is important to keep the target molecules biologically active on a solid surface. Besides the strategy for immobilizing them on the surface keeping their biological activities intact, it is crucial to reduce the force applied to them...
The thionation of ω-hydroxy amides with Lawesson's reagent [LR: 2,4-bis(p-methoxyphenyl)-1,3,2,4-dithiaphosphetane-2,4-disulfide] is described. The treatment of 3-hydroxy amides 1 with LR exclusively gave thioenamides 2 in fair yields. The treatment of 4-hydroxy amides 5 with LR yielded sulfur-containing heterocycles such as tetrahydrothiophene-2-imines 6 and tetrahydrothiophene-2-thione 7a through...
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