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Most modern CPUs include hardware performance counters: architectural registers that allow programmers to gain low-level insight into system performance. Low-overhead access to these counters is necessary for accurate performance analysis, making the operating system interface critical to providing lowlatency performance data. We investigate the overhead of selfmonitoring performance counter measurements...
The PAPI library provides transparent access to new classes of interfaces, including virtualized, power and energy measurements. Existing programs that already support PAPI instrumentation for CPU performance measurements can quickly be adapted to measure these new events with a simple PAPI upgrade.
Ideal hardware performance counters provide exact deterministic results. Real-world performance monitoring unit (PMU) implementations do not always live up to this ideal. Events that should be exact and deterministic (such as retired instructions) show run-to-run variation and overcount on x86_64 machines, even when run in strictly controlled environments. These effects are non-intuitive to casual...
Energy and power consumption are becoming critical metrics in the design and usage of high performance systems. We have extended the Performance API (PAPI) analysis library to measure and report energy and power values. These values are reported using the existing PAPI API, allowing code previously instrumented for performance counters to also measure power and energy. Higher level tools that build...
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