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Backgrounds Tributyl tetradecyl phosphonium chloride (TTPC) is a biocide used in hydraulic fracturing fluid to minimize bacterial contamination. Methods This study used the larvae of the freshwater insect Chironomus riparius to investigate the toxicity of TTPC, NaCl, and TTPC+NaCl. Results LC50s (mg/L) at 24 hours for TTPC, NaCl, and TTPC+NaCl were 0.57, >10,000, and 0.32, respectively, indicating...
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