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Direct measurements of external quantum yield (QY) were applied to down-converting phosphors of Y4Al2O9 (YAM) co-doped with Bi3+ and Yb3+. The QY measurements were combined with studies of photoluminescence (PL), photoluminescence excitation (PLE) and photoluminescence decay kinetics. It was found that the energy transfer occurs mainly from one of the four possible types of Bi3+ centers in YAM, namely...
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