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The use of extracorporal shock wave therapy (ESWT) for the treatment of muscular-skeletal disorder is of great concern to the horseracing industry. The use of ESWT earlier than 7days prior to competition is banned by Pennsylvania Racing Commissions because this form of treatment produces a period of sustained analgesia that can be detrimental to the horse if the horse is allowed to compete. However,...
Interleukin (IL)-27 is a unique cytokine that has a dual role in immune responses. It was originally described to promote Th1 differentiation but also suppresses inflammation by inhibiting these and other inflammatory T cell subsets. Inhibition of inflammatory activity in macrophages has also been reported. These reports have largely focused on cytokine profiles or signaling mechanisms. To date, there...
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) remains a leading infectious threat to human health. Macrophages are the cells targeted for infection by the bacterium as well as key effector cells for clearance of the pathogen. Interleukin (IL)-27 opposes macrophage-mediated control of MTB because supplying IL-12 and blocking the activity of IL-27 limits bacterial growth in primary human macrophages. The purpose...
Sclerostin is an osteocyte-expressed, extracellular cystine-knot protein that is lacking in patients with sclerosteosis, a rare condition characterized by excessive bone formation. Sclerosteosis patients exhibit very high bone mass (lumbar spine Z scores up to +14) and are anecdotally resistant to bone fracture. Homozygous patients commonly develop symptoms associated with cranial nerve entrapment...
Interferon (IFN)-γ-induced expression of indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), an enzyme that inhibits some pathogens by limiting tryptophan availability, is transcriptionally enhanced by tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. The expression of interferon responsive factor (IRF)-1, an IFN-γ-induced transcriptional activator critical to IDO regulation, is also enhanced synergistically in response to IFN-γ and...
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