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Maxwell equations determine that a shaped electromagnetic pulse in vacuum can be an azimuthally polarized (ap) cylindrical vector (CV) beam. High-order harmonics generation (HHG) by the ap–CV beam can effectively yield hard X-ray photons (ℏω∼103−4eV). By controlling relative positions of atoms to the axis of driving laser pulse, we can adjust the generated HHG spectrum and the temporal shape of the...
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